Python中怎么绘制矢量数据
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1 矢量数据绘制
学习目标:
为多个矢量数据集绘制地图,并根据属性进行配色
自定义地图图例
创建自定义地图
在本节中,将学习如何自定义地图符号和用于在Python中表示矢量数据的颜色和符号,使用geopandas和matplotlib进行地图绘制
首先导入需要使用到的包:
import os import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np from shapely.geometry import box import geopandas as gpd import earthpy as et
# 下载数据 # data = et.data.get_data('spatial-vector-lidar') os.chdir(os.path.join(et.io.HOME, 'learning','python_data_plot'))
# 导入数据 sjer_roads_path="data/california/madera-county-roads/tl_2013_06039_roads.shp" sjer_roads = gpd.read_file(sjer_roads_path) print(type(sjer_roads['RTTYP'])) print(sjer_roads['RTTYP'].unique())
['M' None 'S' 'C']
缺失值替换
可以看出道路类型中有一些缺失的值,由于需要绘制所有的道路类型,甚至那些设置为None
的道路类型,下面将RTTYP
属性None
为Unknown
sjer_roads['RTTYP'].replace(np.nan,"Unknown",inplace=True) # sjer_roads.loc[sjer_roads['RTTYP'].isnull(), 'RTTYP'] = 'Unknown' print(sjer_roads['RTTYP'].unique())
['M' 'Unknown' 'S' 'C']
如果使用geopandas.Plot()
绘制数据,当设置了column =
参数后,则geopandas将为线条自动选择颜色,可以使用legend = True
参数添加图例
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(14,6)) sjer_roads.plot(column='RTTYP', categorical=True, legend=True, ax=ax ) # 调整图例位置 leg = ax.get_legend() leg.set_bbox_to_anchor((1.15,0.5)) # 隐藏边框 ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
根据属性指定颜色
为了按属性值绘制一个矢量图层,这样每条道路图层就会根据它各自的属性值来着色,所以图例也代表了同样的符号,需要三个步骤:
创建一个将特定颜色与特定属性值关联的字典
循环遍历并将该颜色应用于每个属性值
最后,在绘图中添加一个
label
参数,以便调用ax.legend()
生成最终的图例
下面,先创建一个字典来定义您希望使用哪种颜色绘制每种道路类型:
# Create a dictionary where you assign each attribute value to a particular color roadPalette = {'M': 'blue', 'S': 'green', 'C': 'purple', 'Unknown': 'grey'} roadPalette
{'M': 'blue', 'S': 'green', 'C': 'purple', 'Unknown': 'grey'}
接下来,循环遍历每个属性值,并使用字典中指定的颜色用该属性值绘制线条
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10,10)) # 根据道路类型分组进行绘制 for ctype,data in sjer_roads.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, label=ctype ) ax.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.0, .5), prop={'size': 12}) ax.set(title='Madera County Roads') ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
调整线条宽度
可以通过linewidth =
属性对线条宽度进行设置,
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) # Loop through each group (unique attribute value) in the roads layer and assign it a color for ctype, data in sjer_roads.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, label=ctype, linewidth=4) # Make all lines thicker # Add title and legend to plot ax.legend() ax.set(title='Madera County Roads') ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
根据属性调整线条宽度
与着色相同,先创建线条宽度与类型的映射关系,然后分组进行循环绘制
# Create dictionary to map each attribute value to a line width lineWidths = {'M': 1, 'S': 1, 'C': 4, 'Unknown': .5} # Plot data adjusting the linewidth attribute fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) ax.set_axis_off() for ctype, data in sjer_roads.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, label=ctype, # Assign each group to a line width using the dictionary created above linewidth=lineWidths[ctype]) ax.legend() ax.set(title='Madera County \n Line width varies by TYPE Attribute Value') plt.show()
自定义绘制图例
在上面的实验中,使用label=True
显示图例,ax.legend()
的loc=
参数可以对图例位置进行调整,ax.legend()
的常用参数有:
loc=(how-far-right,how-far-above)
fontsize=
,设置图例字体大小frameon=
,是否显示图例边框
lineWidths = {'M': 1, 'S': 2, 'C': 1.5, 'Unknown': 3} fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) # Loop through each attribute value and assign each # with the correct color & width specified in the dictionary for ctype, data in sjer_roads.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] label = ctype data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, linewidth=lineWidths[ctype], label=label) ax.set(title='Madera County \n Line width varies by TYPE Attribute Value') # Place legend in the lower right hand corner of the plot ax.legend(loc='lower right', fontsize=15, frameon=True) ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
观察当将图例frameon
属性设置为False
并调整线宽时会发生什么情况,注意loc = ()
参数被赋予一个元组,它定义了图例相对于绘图区域的x
和y
的位置
lineWidths = {'M': 1, 'S': 2, 'C': 1.5, 'Unknown': 3} fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) for ctype, data in sjer_roads.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] label = ctype data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, linewidth=lineWidths[ctype], label=label) ax.set(title='Madera County \n Line width varies by TYPE Attribute Value') ax.legend(loc=(1, 0.5), fontsize=15, frameon=False, title="LEGEND") ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
同时对线宽和颜色进行调整
roadPalette = {'M': 'grey', 'S': "blue", 'C': "magenta", 'Unknown': "lightgrey"} lineWidths = {'M': 1, 'S': 2, 'C': 1.5, 'Unknown': 3} fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) for ctype, data in sjer_roads.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] label = ctype data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, linewidth=lineWidths[ctype], label=label) ax.set(title='Madera County Roads \n Pretty Colors') ax.legend(loc='lower right', fontsize=20, frameon=False) ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
向地图中添加点图层
接下来,向地图添加另一个图层,看看如何创建一个更复杂的地图,添加SJER_plot_centroids shapefile,并同时表示两个图层的图例
该点图层包含三种类型:grass,soil,trees
# 导入点图层 sjer_plots_path ="data/california/neon-sjer-site/vector_data/SJER_plot_centroids.shp" sjer_plots = gpd.read_file(sjer_plots_path) sjer_plots.head(5)
Plot_ID | Point | northing | easting | plot_type | geometry | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | SJER1068 | center | 4111567.818 | 255852.376 | trees | POINT (255852.376 4111567.818) |
1 | SJER112 | center | 4111298.971 | 257406.967 | trees | POINT (257406.967 4111298.971) |
2 | SJER116 | center | 4110819.876 | 256838.760 | grass | POINT (256838.760 4110819.876) |
3 | SJER117 | center | 4108752.026 | 256176.947 | trees | POINT (256176.947 4108752.026) |
4 | SJER120 | center | 4110476.079 | 255968.372 | grass | POINT (255968.372 4110476.079) |
就像上面所做的一样,创建一个字典来指定与每个图形类型相关联的颜色
pointsPalette = {'trees': 'chartreuse', 'grass': 'darkgreen', 'soil': 'burlywood'} lineWidths = {'M': .5, 'S': 2, 'C': 2, 'Unknown': .5} fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) for ctype, data in sjer_plots.groupby('plot_type'): color = pointsPalette[ctype] label = ctype data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, label=label, markersize=100) ax.set(title='Study area plot locations\n by plot type (grass, soil and trees)') ax.legend(fontsize=20, frameon=True, loc=(1, .1), title="LEGEND") ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
将点图层叠加到道路图层
接下来,在道路图层上叠加绘制点数据,然后创建一个包含线和点的自定义图例
注意: 在这个例子中,两个图层的投影信息必须匹配
# Reproject the data # 数据投影 sjer_roads_utm = sjer_roads.to_crs(sjer_plots.crs)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 10)) # 点图层绘制 for ctype, data in sjer_plots.groupby('plot_type'): color = pointsPalette[ctype] label = ctype # label参数对于图例的生成很重要 data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, label=label, markersize=100) # 道路图层绘制 for ctype, data in sjer_roads_utm.groupby('RTTYP'): color = roadPalette[ctype] label = ctype data.plot(color=color, ax=ax, linewidth=lineWidths[ctype], label=label) ax.set(title='Study area plot locations\n by plot type (grass, soil and trees)') ax.legend(fontsize=15, frameon=False, loc=('lower right'), title="LEGEND") ax.set_axis_off() plt.show()
上述就是小编为大家分享的Python中怎么绘制矢量数据了,如果刚好有类似的疑惑,不妨参照上述分析进行理解。如果想知道更多相关知识,欢迎关注创新互联行业资讯频道。
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